Dismissal procedures

Since April 2024, several legislative changes have impacted UK employment law, particularly concerning dismissal procedures.

The Employment Rights Bill 2024 introduced unfair dismissal protection from the first day of employment, eliminating the previous two-year qualifying period.

An employee's employment can be terminated at any time but unless the dismissal is fair the employer may be found guilty of unfair dismissal by an Employment Tribunal.

The Worker Protection (Amendment of Equality Act 2010) Act 2023, effective from 26 October 2024, introduced employer liability for third-party harassment, such as by customers or clients, emphasising the need for preventive measures.

We set out below the main principles involved concerning the dismissal of employees including some common mistakes that employers make. We have written this factsheet in an accessible and understandable way but some of the issues may be very complicated.

Professional advice should be sought before any action is taken.

The right to dismiss employees

Reasons for a fair dismissal would include the following matters:

• the person does not have the capability or qualification for the job (this requires the employer to go through consultation and/or disciplinary processes)
• the employee behaves in an inappropriate manner (the company/firm’s policies should refer to what would be unreasonable behaviour and the business must go through disciplinary procedures)
• redundancy, providing there is a genuine business case for making (a) position(s) redundant with no suitable alternative work, there has been adequate consultation and there is no discrimination in who is selected
• the dismissal is the effect of a legal process such as a driver who loses his right to drive (however, the employer is expected to explore other possibilities such as looking for alternative work before dismissing the employee)
• some other substantial reason.

Claims for unfair dismissal

As there is now no required qualifying period, employees can make a claim to an Employment Tribunal for unfair dismissal within six months of the date of the dismissal and if an employee can prove that he/she has been pressured to resign by the employer he/she has the same right to claim unfair dismissal or constructive dismissal.

Details of claims need to be submitted to ACAS for early conciliation where the parties will be offered pre-tribunal conciliation before proceeding to a Tribunal. However, there is no obligation of either party to take it up.

There are two levels of claim, depending on the complexity of the case. There is the straightforward claim where there is one claim per claimant or the more complex multiple claims (including unfair dismissal and discrimination claims)

Statutory disciplinary procedures

The Employment Act 2008 introduced the ACAS Code of Practice which saw a change to the way employers deal with problems at work. It also saw the removal of 'automatic unfair dismissal' related to failure to follow procedures. Tribunals may make an adjustment of up to 25% of any award, where they feel the employer has unreasonably failed to follow the guidance set out in the ACAS Code.

The ACAS Code of Practice sets out the procedures to be followed before an employer dismisses or imposes a significant sanction on an employee such as demotion, loss of seniority or loss of pay.

The ACAS Code does not apply to redundancy or expiry of a fixed term contract.

Standard procedure

There may be some very limited cases where despite the fact that an employer has dismissed an employee immediately without a meeting, an Employment Tribunal will very exceptionally find the dismissal to be fair. This is not explained in the regulations but may apply in cases of serious misconduct leading to dismissal without notice. What this means in practice awaits the test of case law.

Modified procedure

The only occasions where employers are not required to follow the ACAS Code of Practice are as follows:

• they reasonably believe that doing so would result in a significant threat to themselves, any other person, or their or any other person’s property
• they have been subjected to harassment and reasonably believe that doing so would result in further harassment
• because it is not practicable within a reasonable period
• where dismissal is by reason of redundancy or the ending of a fixed term contract
• they dismiss a group of employees but offer to re-engage them on or before termination of their employment
• the business closes down suddenly because of an unforeseen event
• the employee is no longer able to work because they are in breach of legal requirements e.g. to hold a valid work permit.

Common mistakes that employers make

For many the regulations have caused some confusion and practical difficulties. Some of the most common mistakes include:

• failure to invite employees to disciplinary hearings in writing or supply adequate evidence before the disciplinary hearing. The standard procedure requires the employer to set out the 'basis of the allegations' prior to the hearing
• excluding dismissals other than disciplinary dismissals (e.g. ill-health terminations)
• not inviting employees to be accompanied
• not including a right of appeal
• not appreciating the statutory requirement to proceed with each stage of the procedure without undue delay
• failure to appreciate that an employee may have right to appeal even if it is requested verbally rather than in writing and is after a timescale set down by the employer
• not appreciating that paying an employee a lower bonus for performance related reasons could potentially amount to ‘action short of dismissal’ by the employer
• failure to treat as a grievance any written statement/letter (e.g. a letter of resignation) which raises issues which could form the basis of a tribunal claim to which statutory procedures apply. This means that the employer must be alert to issues being raised in writing even if there is no mention of the word grievance.